Haplogroup IJ

Haplogroup IJ
Haplogroup IJ
Possible time of origin	49,700–44,600 years BP
Possible place of origin	South West Asia, Caucasus
Ancestor	IJK
Descendants	I, J
Defining mutations	M429/P125, P123, P124, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22

Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15).^[2] IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK.

The immediate descendants of IJ are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Its sole sibling is K (which includes most of the world's male population).

Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of Europe (especially Scandinavia and the Balkans), Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Middle East (especially Arabia, Levant and Mesopotamia) and coastal North Africa. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in The Americas and Australasia.

Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe (Fu 2016), but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B.P. (Karafet 2008). Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran (Jones 2015, Fu 2016). In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in ethnicities living in modern day Iran. This may indicate that IJ originated in West Asia.

Origin

A 2008 estimate suggested that the most recent common ancestor of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago,^[3] while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years.^[1]

Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Southwest Asia. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in West Asia, Caucasus and/or the Middle East.

Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* (M429) were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in Iran, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the SNPs M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively few SNPs, these individuals may have carried less well-known SNPs equivalent to M170 and M304.^[4]^[5] Given the limited scope of the testing – and the small number of haplogroup IJ samples that were discovered – few firm conclusions have yet been drawn.

An inference may also be made that both IJ (M429) and its sole sibling, Haplogroup K (M9) diverged from the parent Haplogroup IJK closer to the Caucasus and the Middle East than to East Asia, due to the evolutionary distance of IJK from its direct ancestor, haplogroup HIJK.^{[citation needed]}

IJ split in a typically disjunctive, almost mutually-exclusive geographical pattern, with J-M304 far more common in the Caucasus, and I-M170 far more common in Europe; the age of IJ and its subclades suggest that IJ probably entered Europe through the Balkans, some time before the last glacial maximum (about 26,500 years BP). The same geographic corridor (the Balkans) also supported later gene flows, including the Early Neolithic Farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years BP.

Phylogeny and distribution

IJ (M429, P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22, per ISOGG 2008)

IJ* – found at low frequency in parts of Iran.^[6]
- I (M170, P19, M258, P38, P212, U179, Haplogroup I notation updated to ISOGG 2008; L41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179)
  - I* (unobserved)
  - I1 (M253, M307, M450/S109, P30, P40, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111, per ISOGG 2008; also L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, L187, L840, M307.2/P203.2) Typical of populations of Scandinavia and Northwest Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eastern Europe
    - I1* (unobserved)
    - I-CTS12768 (no phylogenetic name as of 2021)
      - I-CTS12768* – living example in Sweden.
    - I-Z17954 (no phylogenetic name as of 2021)
      - I-Z17954* (unobserved)
      - I-Y21293 – living example in Netherlands.
      - I-Y19092 – living examples in Normandy and Finland.
    - I1a – DF29/S438
      - I1a* - living examples in Sweden, Denmark and Portugal.
        
        I1a1 M227
        I1a1* -
        
        I1a1a M72
        
        I1a2 L22/S142
        I1a2* -
        
        I1a2a P109
        
        I1a2b L205
        
        I1a2c L287
        I1a2c* -
        
        I1a2c1 L258/S335
        I1a2c1* -
        
        I1a2c1a L296
        
        I1a2d L300/S241
        
        I1a2e L813/Z719
        
        I1a3 S244/Z58
        I1a3* -
        
        I1a3a S246/Z59
        I1a3a* -
        
        I1a3a1 S337/Z60, S439/Z61, Z62
        I1a3a1a Z140, Z141
        
        I1a3a1a* -
        
        I1a3a1a1 L338
        
        I1a3a1b Z73
        
        I1a3a1c L573
        
        I1a3a1d L803
        
        I1a3a2 Z382
        
        I1a3b S296/Z138, Z139
        
        I1a4 S243/Z63
      - I1b Z131 ^[7]
  - I2 (M438/P215/S31) (formerly I1b)
    - I2* (unobserved)
      - I2a (P37.2) (formerly I1b1) Typical of the South Slavic peoples of the Balkans, especially the populations of Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia ; also found with high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the West Slavic populations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic; a node of elevated frequency in Moldavia correlates with that observed for Haplogroup I2a (but not for Haplogroup I1)
        I2a*
        
        I2a1 (M423)
        I2a1*
        
        I2a1a (P41.2/M359.2) (formerly I1b1a)
        
        I2a2 (M26) (formerly I1b1b) Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of Sardinia; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile, Béarn, and the Basque Country
        I2a2*
        
        I2a2a (M161) (formerly I1b1b1)
      - I2b (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) (formerly I1b2)
        I2b*
        
        I2b1 (M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117) (formerly I1b2a - old I1c) Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower Saxony in central Germany; minor offshoots appear in Moldavia and Russia (especially around Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Republic of Mordovia), and among speakers of Persian (including Iranians, Hazaras in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tajiks in Afghanistan)
        I2b1*
        
        I2b1a (M284) (formerly I1b2a1) Generally limited to a low frequency in Great Britain
        
        I2b1b (M379) (formerly I1b2a2)
        
        I2b1c (P78) (formerly I1b2a3)
        
        I2b1d (P95) (formerly I1b2a4)
- J (12f2.1, M304, S6, S34, S35)
  - J*
  - J1 (M267) Typical of populations of the Middle East, Dagestan and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and East Africa
    - J1*
      - J1a (M62)
      - J1b (M365)
      - J1c (M367, M368)
      - J1d (M369)
      - J1e (M390)
      - J2 (M172) Typical of populations of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Southern Europe, and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa
        J2*
        J2a (M410)
        J2a*
        J2a1 (DYS413≤18)
        
        J2a2 (M340)
        
        J2b (M12, M314, M221; also M102, Z2497, Z2499 Z2500/CTS10660)
        J2b* At least one living example found in Uzbekistan.
        
        J2b1 (M205; includes former J2b1b/J-PF7344)
        J2b1 Found in ancient remains (3,650 years BP) in Lebanon.
        
        J2b1a (YP31, Y3165, Y167062, et al.) Living examples found in Greece and Italy.

References

^ ^a ^b IJ, YFull.com, 2019, "IJ Y Tree" (3 November 2019).
^ ISOGG Y-tree showing HG 'IJK'
^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
^ unreliable source
^ PLOS ONE: Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians
^ Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
^ ISOGG 2013 Y-DNA Haplogroup I

Origin

Phylogeny and distribution

References

See also